Vehicle Battery Research Articles

Application of nanotechnology in the battery of electric vehicles

Application of nanotechnology in the battery of electric vehicles

DEVELOPMENT OF ULTRA CAPACITOR BASED REGENERATIVE BRAKING SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Regenerative braking is a technique for converting a moving vehicle's kinetic energy into usable form while slowing it down. When an automobile brakes violently, it usually emits heat. If we could conserve energy rather than waste it, that would be amazing, right? That's where regenerative braking technology comes in handy, especially for electric vehicles. It stores the wasted energy in a battery or ultra-capacitor, so it can be used later to start or accelerate the vehicle. In our project, we looked at how effective regenerative braking is during both braking and starting modes. We compared starting the motor with a battery, ultra-capacitor, or a combination of both (HESS), and also analyzed how storing energy during braking works with these systems. Although not all of the regenerated energy is reinvested in the battery, the motor acts as a generator, charging the vehicle's battery. To move the vehicle forward, regenerative braking uses the kinetic energy it temporarily stores during deceleration. We used a lithium-ion battery and ultra-capacitor module energy storage system coupled to a BLDC motor via a converter. These brakes help batteries last longer without needing to be charged externally. They enable efficient power transfer during regenerative braking and acceleration. Our project discusses whether regenerative braking increases or decreases efficiency. of state of charge of battery and ultra- capacitor when starting and braking applied in discharging(in running of motor) and charging(in regenerative braking of motor). And also BLDC motor speed control in starting and braking mode. The model is simulated using MATLAB Simulink software. Keywords: Regenerative braking, kinetic energy, electric vehicles, energy storage, battery, ultra-capacitor, starting mode, braking mode, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS), efficiency, motor generator

BATTERY COOLING SYSTEMS OF ELECTRIC VECHILES

To enhance electric vehicle battery performance, the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMs) plays a crucial role by regulating internal battery temperature within optimal limits. Among the key components, the cooling system is paramount in maintaining this temperature range. Various cooling techniques such as Air Cooling (AC), Liquid Cooling (LC), Refrigerant Direct Cooling (RDC), Phase Change Material (PCM) based systems, Thermoelectric Cooling (TC), Heat Pipe Cooling (HPC), and Hybrid Cooling (HC) have been employed in electric vehicles. This paper provides an exhaustive review of these cooling systems, delineating their respective merits and demerits. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers delving into electric vehicle battery cooling technology. Keywords: Electric vehicle, battery, cooling system, thermal management system.

Analysis of State-of-Health Estimation Approaches and Constraints for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Energy storage systems (ESS) are seeing rapid market growth due to the changing worldwide landscape of electricity distribution and consumption. An ESS must possess the capability to oversee the functioning of the system’s modules under abnormal circumstances, while also having the ability to supervise, manage, and optimize the performance of one or more battery modules. At present, the condition of batteries is assessed based on two factors: the level of charge (SOC) and the overall condition (SOH). By using these two characteristics, it becomes feasible to compute the anticipated battery lifespan and evaluate a battery’s efficiency. The assessment of SOH is a crucial determinant in guaranteeing the effectiveness, dependability, and security of batteries in electric vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, the safety issues resulting from the imprecise estimation and forecasting of battery health status have garnered significant attention in academic circles. This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of several SOH monitoring techniques. In order to achieve this objective, various scientific and technical literatures are examined and the corresponding methodologies are categorized into distinct groupings. The groupings are categorized based on the manner in which the procedure is executed: methods and techniques used in experiments and models. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the benefits and drawbacks of several SOH assessment and prediction techniques, along with the associated obstacles in SOH estimation.

A comparative study on the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplates incorporated for improved thermal conductivity and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride

In the present work, the improvement in the thermal conductivity and dielectric behavior in the frequency range of 0.025–5 MHz of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films incorporated with graphene nanoplates (GNs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. The neat PVC and PVC composites consisting of different filler ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt% were synthesized using the casting technique. The increase in the concentration of GNs or CNTs up to 0.75 wt% enhanced the dielectric constant, ac conductivity, q-factor, F-factor, thermal conductivity, and total impedance of PVC composites. The values of the investigated parameters are slightly higher for PVC-CNTs composites compared to PVC-GNs composites. A further increase in concentration to 1 wt% reduces these parameters, but still more than PVC consisting of 0.5 wt% fillers. The mechanism of correlated barrier hopping (CBH) could be successfully used to describe the AC electrical conductivity of both PVC-GNs and PVC-CNTs composites thin films. Furthermore, the glass transition and decomposition temperatures were determined and found to be dependent on the filler ratio and type, and the thermal stability was increased after adding the GNs or CNTs nanofillers. These findings have drawn special attention to developing PVC composites that can be used in various industrial fields including flexible and wearable technologies, power devices, supercapacitors, electric vehicle battery systems, and aerospace components.

Green nickel, electric vehicles and mining governance challenges in the U.S.

New critical metals mines are being prospected throughout the U.S. to meet the needs for batteries for electric vehicles, as well as solar and wind technologies. Mineral prospecting is meeting growing opposition from coast to coast, including Arizona, Idaho, California and Alaska. This article draws attention to the northern state of Minnesota where a complex social movement is emerging to challenge the devastating local contamination that might result from new “green nickel” mining. Focusing on Talon Metal's Tamarack project as a case study, the article describes how tribal communities and their social movement allies are challenging this green energy paradox through cultural, legal and political strategies.

Hydrogen Reduction Behavior of NCM-based Lithium-ion Battery Cathode Materials

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li2O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Li2CO3, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

Review on Ultrasonic Welding Quality Monitoring Technology

To produce batteries for electric vehicles, various welding processes are used, of which ultrasonic welding is an important one. In recent years, the quality control of welded components has become increasingly important due to fires and frequent discharges caused by battery heat. In addition, ultrasonic welding is sensitive to the process environment, so quality monitoring is essential. In this paper, we introduce a study to predict the quality of ultrasonic welding by measuring the energy generated during the welding process, the vibration of the horn and anvil, and the temperature of the weld. In particular, we will introduce various methods to measure the temperature of the weld, which is difficult to measure in the ultrasonic welding process, and a study that performs machine learning by fusing the energy and vibration obtained in the process.

Fire Risk Mitigation Strategies for Electric and Hydrogen Vehicle Car Parks

As the use of eco-friendly vehicles, such as electric and hydrogen vehicles, is rapidly increasing, the related infrastructure is also expanding, and they have become common in parking areas. The fire safety design of a car park is based on the existing data of internal combustion engine vehicles; therefore, the characteristics of eco-friendly vehicles must be reflected. This study investigated the heat release rate of internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles, and hydrogen vehicles using real-scale fire test data and analyzed the effects of curb weight and battery capacity. The fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate of electric and hydrogen vehicles were similar to those of internal combustion engine vehicles, except for the batteries and hydrogen gas, which are the energy sources of electric and hydrogen vehicles, respectively. When ignited from the battery of an electric vehicle, the fire grew rapidly. When the thermally activated pressure relief device was activated in the storage vessel of a hydrogen vehicle, the heat release rate instantaneously increased to 14.5 MW. To improve fire safety in car parks, the curb weight and fire resistance structure must be designed to reflect the increase in plastic interior materials and battery capacity of vehicles, and firefighting facilities must be installed based on vehicles with greater fire severity.

Enhancing Li‐Ion Electric Vehicle Battery Performance: Analysis of Advanced Thermal Management Cooling Strategies with Phase Change Material

Battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are crucial for modern electric vehicle (EV) battery design, impacting system complexity, cost, and performance. This study calculates thermal performance using advanced computational analysis, employing a standard k‐ε turbulence model to simulate two cooling system setups: active and passive techniques utilizing phase change material (PCM). PCM with air cooling exhibits the lowest performance among hybrid BTMS setups, failing to maintain battery temperature uniformity. Conversely, PCM with n‐heptane, water cooling, and single liquid cooling (n‐heptane) achieve optimal battery module temperature ranges (20–40 °C) while preserving uniformity. Compared to noncooling configurations, the PCM + n‐heptane arrangement reduces Li‐ion battery module temperatures by 3.422, 10.261, and 28.33 °C at 1‐C, 2‐C, and 5‐C discharge rates, respectively. However, maximum temperatures at higher discharge rates (10C and 15C) remain elevated (350–380 K) with shorter discharge periods. The study highlights the necessity of appropriate cooling systems for battery thermal management to enhance performance and lifespan in EVs. Hybrid BTMS, particularly utilizing PCM, emerges as superior in maintaining uniform battery temperatures. Optimization strategies, including controlling coolant pump energy consumption and designing coolant pipes, are vital for efficient thermal management in diverse environmental conditions.

Battery Passports for Second-Life Batteries: An Experimental Assessment of Suitability for Mobile Applications

End-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries can be reused to reduce their environmental impact and economic costs. However, the growth of the second-life market is limited by the lack of information on the characteristics and performance of these batteries. As the volume of end-of-life EVs may exceed the amount of batteries needed for stationary applications, investigating the possibility of repurposing them in mobile applications is also necessary. This article presents an experimental test that can be used to collect the data necessary to fill a battery passport. The proposed procedure can facilitate the decision-making process regarding the suitability of a battery for reuse at the end of its first life. Once the battery passport has been completed, the performance and characteristics of the battery are compared with the requirements of several mobile applications. Mobile charging stations and forklift trucks were identified as relevant applications for the reuse of high-capacity prismatic cells. Finally, a definition of the state of health (SoH) is proposed to track the suitability of the battery during use in the second-life application considering not only the energy but also the power and efficiency of the battery. This SoH shows that even taking into account accelerated ageing data, a repurposed battery can have an extended life of 11 years at 25 °C. It has also been shown that energy fade is the most limiting performance factor for the lifetime and that cell-to-cell variation should be tracked as it has been shown to have a significant impact on the battery life.

Optimizing Electric Vehicle Battery Management Systems for Enhanced Performance and Efficiency in the Automotive Sector

Automotive means of transportation has become the major and cheapest means transportation in Nigeria. This fact has put more pressure on manufacturers to provide customers with high quality Automobiles with the aim of making profits. Nowadays, manufacturers are faced with a major problem in the management of information within a manufacturing plant and creation of effective relationship with customers. As an approach to solving these problems, a detailed analysis is carried out on the existing system to find out the strength and weaknesses of the existing system. And based on the requirements generated, the new system is designed. An Object Oriented design approach is used to describe the various units (modules) that make up the system in terms of classes and objects. The design and development of an Automotive Plant Management system for a manufacturing company is a project developed with PHP, MySQL, Ajax, HTML, JavaScript and Jquery Plugins, it provided better and more efficient management of information generated from Human Resource, Inventory, Company Finance and also Customer Relationship Management In recent years, the surge in the adoption of electric vehicles has played a vital role in reducin fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, limited cross-national research has been conducted on the determinants of electric vehicle adoption in developing and developed countries. This study examines the factors influencing the intention to adopt electric vehicles in India (378 participants) and Spain (265 participants). This study develops an integrated model that combines the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) and the value-belief-norm (VBN) model while accounting for the impact of national culture. The model is tested using structural equation modeling. The results indicate the integrated UTAUT2-VBN model is a valuable tool for explaining the differences in adoption intention across cultures. Moreover, the national cultural system plays a significant moderating role in most relationships within the model. This study offers valuable insights into the factors influencing electric vehicle adoption in different cultural contexts, which can inform policies and strategies to promote sustainable transportation.

Design and Implementation of an Anti-Explosion System for Electric Vehicles Batteries

This research paper investigates the development and implementation of an innovative anti-explosion system designed to control the temperature of electric vehicles (EVs) during operation and parking. The system is designed to improve safety and efficiency by preventing overheating and minimizing the risk of thermal disturbances. This paper also outlines the significance and rising appeal of electric vehicles and explains the need for efficient cooling systems in electric vehicles to maintain optimal performance and safety. It introduces the concept of an explosion-proof cooling system and its potential benefits.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Batteries with Vapor Chamber

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Batteries with Vapor Chamber

Effective Strategies for EV Battery Monitoring and Maintenance

Abstract: The growing popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has led to an increased demand for sophisticated battery management systems that guarantee safety and efficiency. In order to track and control the operation of electric vehicle batteries in real time, this project presents a novel pairing of an Internet of Things gadget with an Android application. This integrated solution gives customers greater safety and extends battery life by delivering critical insights and notifications regarding battery health, percentage, temperature, and essential events including full charge, low battery, overheating, and fire detection. The technology prioritizes user safety and battery longevity while optimizing the EV experience through user-friendly interfaces and timely notifications.

Mean Field Game-Based Algorithms for Charging in Solar-Powered Parking Lots and Discharging into Homes a Large Population of Heterogeneous Electric Vehicles

An optimal daily scheme is presented to coordinate a large population of heterogeneous battery electric vehicles when charging in daytime work solar-powered parking lots and discharging into homes during evening peak-demand hours. First, we develop a grid-to-vehicle strategy to share the solar energy available in a parking lot between vehicles where the statistics of their arrival states of charge are dictated by an aggregator. Then, we develop a vehicle-to-grid strategy so that vehicle owners with a satisfactory level of energy in their batteries could help to decongest the grid when they return by providing backup power to their homes at an aggregate level per vehicle based on a duration proposed by an aggregator. Both strategies, with concepts from Mean Field Games, would be implemented to reduce the standard deviation in the states of charge of batteries at the end of charging/discharging vehicles while maintaining some fairness and decentralization criteria. Realistic numerical results, based on deterministic data while considering the physical constraints of vehicle batteries, show, first, in the case of charging in a parking lot, a strong to slight decrease in the standard deviation in the states of charge at the end, respectively, for the sunniest day, an average day, and the cloudiest day; then, in the case of discharging into the grid, over three days, we observe at the end the same strong decrease in the standard deviation in the states of charge.

Strategic analysis of lithium resources by addressing challenges and opportunities for sustainable electric vehicle battery development in the era of global EV domination

Abstract The increase in the interest in electrical vehicles (EV) makes us to focus on the available resources of source materials for battery development and to improve the battery performance to achieve the complete EV domination over the others. Recent observations clearly tell us that EV and hybrid EVs are going to change the world market. As the demand is going to be high for the batteries, it is important to understand the number of reserves, production and supply of the source materials which can be used in batteries. Based on the data we must find alternatives, if there is a shortage of source material. This article briefly discusses the lithium reserves and production by the world. We also discussed the increasing demand on EV and the extraction of useful materials from the used battery for the sustainable environment and to follow the circular economy aspects.

Electric Vehicle Battery Disassembly Using Interfacing Toolbox for Robotic Arms

This paper showcases the integration of the Interfacing Toolbox for Robotic Arms (ITRA) with our newly developed hybrid Visual Servoing (VS) methods to automate the disassembly of electric vehicle batteries, thereby advancing sustainability and fostering a circular economy. ITRA enhances collaboration between industrial robotic arms, server computers, sensors, and actuators, meeting the intricate demands of robotic disassembly, including the essential real-time tracking of components and robotic arms. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our hybrid VS approach, combined with ITRA, in the context of Electric Vehicle (EV) battery disassembly across two robotic testbeds. The first employs a KUKA KR10 robot for precision tasks, while the second utilizes a KUKA KR500 for operations needing higher payload capacity. Conducted in T1 (Manual Reduced Velocity) mode, our experiments underscore a swift communication protocol that links low-level and high-level control systems, thus enabling rapid object detection and tracking. This allows for the efficient completion of disassembly tasks, such as removing the EV battery’s top case in 27 s and disassembling a stack of modules in 32 s. The demonstrated success of our framework highlights its extensive applicability in robotic manufacturing sectors that demand precision and adaptability, including medical robotics, extreme environments, aerospace, and construction.

Enhancing Electric Vehicle Performance with a Hybrid PI-Sliding Mode Controller for Battery Supercapacitor Integration

Nowadays, most of the works are based on electric vehicle usage for sustainable transportation using traditional energy storage device, such as battery. Usage of batteries in electric vehicles is having several disadvantages, for example, life span, temperature, and charge estimation. In this paper, a novel control scheme for battery and supercapacitor- (SC-) based hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using hybrid proportional and integral- (PI-) sliding mode control (SMC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications is introduced and implemented. This HESS with hybrid controller proves the usage of batteries in EVs to its fullest potential. The conventional control strategy for HESS follows two-loop voltage and current PI controllers with low-pass filter (LPF) and involves tuning of multiple control parameters with variations of source and load disturbances. Performance of the system is affected by tuning PI controller constants. A slow response time with linear PI controllers is long which is not advisable for starting and sudden jerk conditions of EVs. Moreover, the PI controller performance is affected by the system parameter variations during load changes. And these parameters are dynamic in nature due to nonideal conditions. In this paper, a hybrid PI-sliding mode controller (SMC) scheme is designed to control the bidirectional DC-DC converters to overcome the drawbacks of aforementioned issues. The combined PI-SMC controller reduces the tuning effort and reduces the effect of shift in operating point in controller performance. Linear modeling is done using small signal analysis for each subsystems. Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is used as electric vehicle. The entire system and its controllers are simulated using MATLAB-Simulink, and detailed comparison is carried between conventional PI and proposed hybrid PI-SMC scheme to regulate the DC link voltage. The results are tabulated and show that the hybrid PI-SMC scheme outperforms in transient and steady-state conditions than the traditional PI controller. A scaled hardware prototype of 48 W set-up is developed using dSPACE-1104, and the experimental results have been carried out to verify the proposed system’s feasibility.

Comparative study of thermodynamic & kinetic parameters measuring techniques in lithium-ion batteries

Quantitative analysis of the aging process of lithium-ion batteries by using electrochemical thermodynamic and kinetic parameters such as electrochemical potential, Li stoichiometry, and Li inventory loss is a key research topic in the development of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles and smart grids. It is generally known the above parameters can be acquired through the analysis of Electromotive Force (EMF) or Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) curves. In this work, we proposed and applied five EMF measurement techniques to obtain the EMF-SoC relationships in LFP/Gr single-layer laminated pouch cells at different temperatures and States of Health (SoH), and comprehensively examined them from the viewpoints of eight evaluation dimensions. A Python program, named Degradation Modes Analysis (DMA), is used to diagnose the thermodynamic degradation modes of the battery automatically. Furthermore, electrochemical kinetic parameters were also extracted along with the depolarization process. For faster and more accurate aging diagnosis, we recommend an optimal blend of short relaxation time GITT (Short-Rest-GITT) and extrapolated EMF (Extrap-EMF) to reach the most precise EMF measurements and gain the most comprehensive information about battery thermodynamics and kinetics at the same time.